From Eq. (2.45) we know the grand canonical potential
|
| (3.4) |
indicates independent states, the plus/minus sign depend on the particles to be Fermion or Bosons. For a
continuous system the sum changes into an integral:
Let
|
| (3.5) |
and
|
| (3.6) |
Obviously we find
|
| (3.7) |
|
| (3.8) |
and
|
| (3.9) |
is the density of states.