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1.8 Thermodynamic Contacts: The isolated system


PIC

S2: The world
No interactions with S2:

  • fixed volume V

  • fixed particle number N

  • fixed energy U


Controlled by the system:

  • p: pressure

  • T: temperature

  • μ: chemical potential

Thermodynamic equilibrium: no changes in time ⇒ State(V,N,U)
Example: two kinds of atoms: NA,NB in an isolated closed chamber; chemical reactions are allowed, e.g. 2A → B
μA,μB,p,T will change as a function of time.
More examples:

  • the universe

  • our sun system

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