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What counts are the specific quantities:
- Conductivity s (or the specific
resistivity r = 1/
s.
- current density j.
- (Electrical) field strength · E.
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[ r] =
Wm
[ s] = (
Wm)–1 = S/m; S = "Siemens" |
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The basic equation for s is:
n = concentration of carriers,
µ = mobility of carriers. |
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Ohm's law states:
It is valid for metals, but not for all materials. |
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s (of conductors / metals) obeys (more or less) several rules;
all understandable by looking at n and particularly
µ. |
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Matthiesen rule:
Reason: Scattering of electrons at defects (including phonons) decreases
µ. |
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| r = rLattice(T) + rdefect(N) |
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"r(T) rule":
about 0,04 % increase in resistivity per K
Reason: Scattering of electrons at phonons decreases µ. |
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| Dr |
= |
ar · r
· DT |
» |
0,4%
oC |
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Nordheim's rule:
Reason: Scattering of electrons at B atoms decreases
µ. |
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Major consequence: You can't beat the
conductivity of pure Ag by "tricks" like alloying or by using
other materials
(Not considering superconductors). |
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Non-metallic conductors are extremely important. |
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Transparent conductors (TCO's)
("ITO", typically oxides). |
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No flat panels displays = no notebooks etc. without
ITO!
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Batteries, fuel cells, sensors, ...
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| Example: MoSi2 for heating elements in
corrosive environments (dishwasher!). |
| The future High-Tech key materials? |
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Ionic conductors (liquid and solid). |
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Conductors for high temperature applications;
corrosive environments, ..
(Graphite, Silicides, Nitrides, ...). |
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Organic conductors (and semiconductors). |
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Numbers to know (order of magnitude
accuracy sufficient) |
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r(decent metals)
about 2 mWcm.
r(technical semiconductors) around
1 Wcm.
r(insulators) > 1 GWcm. |
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© H. Föll (Advanced Materials B, part 1 - script)
